Junior product manager salary berlin.

Junior product manager salary berlin 763 € 4. 2,158 open jobs for Product manager in Germany. 500 EUR pro Jahr und die meisten Product Manager Löhne liegen zwischen 47. Junior Product Manager Salary Expectations. 929 Euro (Männer) bzw. 289 Salaries submitted. 007 € 2. 7 Salaries submitted. Mar 9, 2025 · Today’s top 54 Junior Content Manager Salary Berlin jobs in United States. How much does a Junior Product Manager earn in Germany? Junior Product Managers in Germany can earn between 41. May 13, 2025 · The average product manager salary in Berlin, Germany is 93. 72 open jobs for Junior product designer in Germany. Junior Product Manager Job Description FAQs Search Culture manager jobs in Berlin with company ratings & salaries. 1 der Online-Jobbörsen. Product Manager – LED Lighting Location: Telford / Hybrid working Contract: Monday to Friday Salary: Competitive + 20% Bonus About Luceco PLC… Technical Delivery Manager Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) 3. Jul 22, 2024 · Average salary in Berlin is €67,755 EUR per year. The average Junior Product Manager salary in Los Angeles, CA is $113,728 as of January 26, 2024, but the salary range typically falls between $101,507 and $130,172. 9 Salaries The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is €46,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. 600 € per year, while the median salary is 60. 350 € to 92. 300 € per year, while the median salary is 62. 240 salaries for 148 jobs at Doctolib in Berlin. 531 €. 126 salaries for 85 jobs at mobile. Today's top 856 Junior Product Manager jobs in Berlin. New Junior Content Manager Salary Berlin jobs added daily. 400 € and 62. N26 Salaries trends. 273 €) than the average product manager (technical) salary in Germany. 722 € to 114. The average HelloFresh hourly pay ranges from approximately $14 per hour (estimate) for a Crew Member to $69 per hour (estimate) for a CEO-Founder . Salaries posted anonymously by HomeToGo employees in Berlin. View Project Manager salaries across top companies broken down by base pay, stock, and bonus. Junior Product Managers, die in Deutschland arbeiten, verdienen normalerweise rund 60. Now for me it is: Amsterdam, the Netherlands High CoL Private pre-IPO scale up in software Group Product Manager 4 years as a PM, 4. 5 days ago · The estimated total pay for a Product Manager is €75,500 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €70,000 per year. Berlin ranks 2. Wenn du zu wenige Ergebnisse The chart shows the base salary for Head of Product Management ranges from €124,788 to €223,099 with the average base salary of €168,542. 626 €. Salaries estimates are based on 336 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Product Manager employees in Germany. Senior Product May 14, 2025 · The average Data Scientist salary range in Berlin, Germany is from 72. Product Managers working in Germany earn normally around 62. 2/5 stars. de Salaries trends. Visit PayScale to research product manager, software salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. Salaries posted anonymously by Grover employees in Berlin. Salaries estimates are based on 20 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Finance Manager employees in Berlin, Germany. 152 € Jobs Junior Produktmanager/-in: Brandenburg: 2. Search Product manager healthcare jobs in Germany with company ratings & salaries. 500 € per year and most of the Product Manager salaries are between 45. Jan 8, 2025 · The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $76,750 per year in Australia. 700 € - 100 The estimated salary for a Junior Project Manager is €39,000 per year in the Berlin Germany area. 500 EUR und 80. Visit PayScale to research senior product manager salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. Importantly, all of these jobs are paid between $18,410 (35. 500 EUR verdienst, ist es vielleicht an der Zeit, mit Deinem Chef zu sprechen, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bekommen oder einen neuen The average Avaloq salary ranges from approximately $77,196 per year (estimate) for a Junior Software Tester to $240,413 per year (estimate) for a Head of Digital Banking. Finden Sie jetzt 22 zu besetzende Junior Product Manager Jobs in Berlin auf Indeed. Women receive a salary of €89,913 EUR. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is ₹48,500 per year in Berlin, Germany. 1%) and $99,825 (190. 3%) more than the average Junior Product Manager salary of $52,462. Salaries estimates are based on 12 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Product Manager employees in Australia. Product Manager. Zalando Salaries trends. de employees in Berlin. 525 €. Dec 22, 2024 · The average salary for a Junior Finance Manager is €50,007 per year in Berlin, Germany. 652 € 3. 500 € per year - where does the difference between average and median come from? The average salary is calculated as the sum of all salaries divided by the number of them. Search Product manager jobs in Germany with company ratings & salaries. €61K-€66K. 000 € per year. 626 open jobs for Project manager in Berlin. (Basierend auf Total Visits weltweit, Quelle: comScore) The average Junior Product Manager salary in the United States is $103,736 as of May 01, 2025, but the salary range typically falls between $93,722 and $115,893. numa employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 3. The average Junior Product Manager base salary at EMnify is €55K per year. The estimated total pay for a Junior Manager is €48,000 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €42,000 per year. Feb 26, 2025 · The estimated total pay for a Junior Finance Manager is €49,971 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €42,000 per year. 4,116 open jobs for Remote in Berlin. 000 €. May 9, 2025 · Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Germany. (Munich is on the 1st place). The average Junior Product Manager base salary at Zalando is €55K per year. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! The estimated total pay for a Product Manager is €76,350 per year in the Berlin area, with an average salary of €70,000 per year. when it comes to the average salary of a Product Manager in Germany. This is 9% higher (+8. Apr 18, 2025 · The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is €2,840 per month in Netherlands. 003 € Jobs Junior Produktmanager/-in: Berlin: 2. Just Eat Takeaway. An entry level product manager (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of 61. 2 Salaries submitted. This number represents the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. Wenn Du weniger als 47. Nov 5, 2024 · HelloFresh Salaries trends. 16 Salaries submitted. 000 EUR pro Jahr. 500 € pro Jahr. They turned me down because of my salary expectations, saying they pay a maximum of 48k for entry level dev positions in Berlin. This is also comparable to my reports, no difference between men and women. 7/5 stars. A Junior Product Manager can expect to earn an average salary of $73,000 (USD) per year. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Nach Product manager-Jobs in Deutschland mit Bewertungen und Gehältern suchen. The average FREENOW hourly pay ranges from approximately $16 per hour (estimate) for a Culvers Team Member to $52 per hour (estimate) for a Mechanical Engineer. The estimated salary for a Junior Project Manager is €39,000 per year in the Berlin area. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $48,000 per year in Berlin. Doctolib Salaries trends. Mar 20, 2025 · The average Product Manager salary range in Berlin, Germany is from 78. €88K | €15K. 178 open jobs for Product manager remote in Germany. Nov 23, 2021 · The estimated total pay range for a Junior Product Manager at Zalando is €52K–€58K per year, which includes base salary and additional pay. 5617 salaries for 1767 jobs at Zalando in Berlin. Die geschätzte Gesamtvergütung liegt bei € 48. Salaries posted anonymously by HelloFresh employees in Berlin. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Nach Product manager-Jobs in Berlin mit Bewertungen und Gehältern suchen. 2. The most typical earning is €50,328 EUR. 76 Apr 24, 2023 · Here's a simple breakdown of salaries based on experience for product managers: If you're just starting out as a junior product manager (0-1 years experience), you can expect to make around €51,000 in Germany. Lees meer over salarissen, arbeidsvoorwaarden, tevredenheid over salaris en waar je het meest kunt verdienen. Zalando employees Salary Location Berlin, Germany We're on the lookout for a Senior/Principal Product Manager to join the Quick Commerce team on our journey to always deliver Search Junior product manager jobs in Germany with company ratings & salaries. €60K Adjust Salaries trends. 415 open jobs for Product manager in Berlin. 5 years total experience May 16, 2025 · The estimated total pay for a Project Manager is €67,000 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €62,000 per year. Zalando employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 3. May 13, 2025 · The average salary for a Senior Product Manager is €95,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. Read for more insights. The average Zalando salary ranges from approximately €49,978 per year (estimate) for a Corporate Support Service to €150,748 per year (estimate) for a Principal Software Engineer. If you earn less than 45. Benutzer, die nach Jobs in Berlin gesucht haben, haben auch Folgendes gesucht: global project manager, junior consultant, junior product manager, jr project manager, project coordinator, integration project manager, business analyst, associate project manager, assistant project manager, entry level project manager. 342 € 4. 284 € to 125. Avaloq employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 3/5 stars. 000 € then it might be the time to speak with your boss to get a raise or to look for a new Product Manager job in Aug 12, 2024 · The average Yepoda salary ranges from approximately $72,673 per year (estimate) for an Employee to $79,432 per year (estimate) for a Professional. Berlin Finden Sie jetzt 104 zu besetzende Junior Product Manager Jobs auf Indeed. Junior Product Manager (Full Time - Remote) Germany. Dec 18, 2024 · Zalando Salaries trends. 3/5 stars. 500 € 39. 10 Sep 16, 2024 · The average AUTO1 Group salary ranges from approximately $76,673 per year (estimate) for a Financial Analyst to $165,320 per year (estimate) for a Senior Account Manager. Median salary at €75,000, up 7. 76 Apply for 307 Product manager jobs in Germany on the job board Arbeitnow. Junior Marketing Manager. Mar 21, 2024 · The average salary for Junior Product Manager is €82,312 per year in the Berlin, Germany. 36 open jobs for Junior product manager in Berlin. Create a job alert: €87K-€109K The average FREENOW salary ranges from approximately $42,779 per year (estimate) for a Sales Associate to $159,106 per year (estimate) for a Creative Director. Junior Project Manager. 943 €. Salaries posted anonymously by Doctolib employees in Berlin. Jan 28, 2024 · The average salary for a Product Developer in Germany is €45,509 in 2025. Open Jobs; Senior Software Engineer. €81K-€89K. Wenn Du weniger als 41. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Search Junior product manager jobs in Berlin with company ratings & salaries. If you’re qualified, getting hired for one of these related Junior Product Manager jobs may help you make more money than that of the average Junior Product Manager position. 10/50 Junior Crm Manager (Man) Posted 14 June 2022. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! The estimated total pay for a Junior Product Manager is ₹7,51,594 per year, with an average salary of ₹6,51,594 per year. 296 salaries for 144 jobs at Adjust in Berlin. Salaries posted anonymously by Klarna employees in Berlin. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $43,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. €35K-€48K. €44K Het gemiddelde salaris voor een Junior Productmanager (m/v) in Nederland is € 3. 31 Jobs für Junior product manager in Berlin. 45 open jobs for Junior designer in Berlin. Salaries posted anonymously by N26 employees in Berlin. Product Manager salary in Germany. Raisin employees rate Jan 16, 2025 · Klarna Salaries trends. Men receive an average salary of €78,395 EUR. Search Project manager jobs in Berlin with company ratings & salaries. The average Berlin Brands Group salary ranges from approximately $102,339 per year (estimate) for a Software Developer to $105,542 per year (estimate) for a Zoo Führer. 165 Jobs für Product manager in Deutschland. €87K-€109K. 150. Product Manager salary in Berlin. 400 € verdienst, ist es vielleicht an der Zeit, mit Deinem Chef zu sprechen, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bekommen oder einen The average Zalando salary ranges from approximately $46,067 per year (estimate) for a Customer Service to $206,437 per year (estimate) for a Senior Account Manager. Product Managers, die in Deutschland arbeiten, verdienen normalerweise rund 62. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Jul 12, 2024 · The average salary for a Junior Operations Manager is €38,130 per year in Berlin, Germany. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is €50,000 per year in Germany. Search Product manager remote jobs in Germany with company ratings & salaries. The average total compensation is €88,045 for tech workers at Zalando in Germany based on 55 salary data points. 14%. Alle Infos zum Gehalt, passende Jobs » Jobs Junior Produktmanager/-in: Bayern: 3. As a Junior Product Manager, you will play a key role in supporting product management… View all FineLine Technologies, Inc jobs in Norcross, GA - Norcross jobs Salary Search: Junior Product Manager salaries Weber Salaries trends. 000 € and 80. 988 €. 153 salaries for 95 jobs at HomeToGo in Berlin. The estimated total pay for a Junior Product Manager is £35,589 per year, with an average salary of £33,595 per year. Search Remote jobs in Berlin with company ratings & salaries. The estimated total pay for a Product Manager is €76,000 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €70,000 per year. (Basierend auf Total Visits weltweit, Quelle: comScore) Apr 15, 2024 · 2024 Berlin Salary Trends Report: Salaries in tech, startups and enterprises. 103 open jobs for Junior product manager in Germany. Total Pay. Junior Product Manager (all genders) The average Junior Product Manager salary in Chicago, Illinois is $109,100 as of December 01, 2024, but the salary range typically falls between $97,902 and $123,441. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Das Junior Marketing Manager Gehalt beträgt in Deutschland Ø 2. 1,436 open jobs for Culture manager in Berlin. View Product Designer salaries across top companies broken down by base pay, stock, and bonus. As a product manager I had a similar wage but I did soon after made the jump to senior PM. 041 €. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Dec 19, 2024 · The estimated total pay for a Junior Manager In is €48,000 per year in the Berlin area, with an average salary of €42,000 per year. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Today’s top 2,000+ Product Manager jobs in Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 1/50 Lead Product Manager (Man) Posted 25 May 2022. Dec 15, 2021 · The estimated total pay range for a Junior Product Manager at EMnify is €52K–€57K per year, which includes base salary and additional pay. Junior product manager: salaries per region. com Salaries in Berlin. 400 € und 62. Average and median Project Manager salary in Germany. 500 € per year. The average hourly wage for a Junior Product Manager in the United States is $50 as of April 01, 2025, but the salary range typically falls between $45 and $56. Senior Product Manager. 390 € to 94. Jan 3, 2025 · Product Manager (Junior): US$79,601; Berlin, Germany: €62,000 The product manager salary information is also a great resource for analyzing your own salary The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $116,353 per year in Berlin, OH. 1249 salaries for 558 jobs at N26 in Berlin. 500 € per year, while the median salary is 65. As you gain experience and become a regular product manager, your salary will likely go up to around €66,000. View Data Scientist salaries across top companies broken down by base pay, stock, and bonus. Feb 19, 2025 · Bei einer Beschäftigung als Junior Product Manager in Berlin liegt die Gesamtvergütung je nach Berufserfahrung zwischen € 37. 000 € per year - where does the difference between average and median come from? The average salary is calculated as the sum of all salaries divided by the number of them. 114 The average salary for a Junior Manager is €48,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. Zum Inhalt springen Zur Fußzeile springen Jobs Nach Junior product manager-Jobs in Berlin mit Bewertungen und Gehältern suchen. Salaries posted anonymously by Weber employees in Berlin. Junior Product Manager verdienen im Durchschnitt € 49 043 /Jahr in Deutschland oder € 4 087 /Monat. 066 € to 106. com, der weltweiten Nr. The average salary for a Junior Manager is $48,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. Apr 18, 2025 · The average Product Designer salary range in Berlin, Germany is from 65. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Nov 23, 2021 · The estimated total pay range for a Junior Product Manager at Zalando is €53K–€57K per year, which includes base salary and additional pay. Salaries posted anonymously by mobile. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $48,000 per year in Berlin. All data are based on 10 salary surveys. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The basic salary is the employee minimum income you can expect to earn in exchange for your time or services. 000 EUR and 75. Salaries posted anonymously by Zalando employees in Berlin. 22 salaries for 19 jobs at Weber in Berlin. Esta cifra representa el promedio, que es el punto medio de los rangos de nuestro modelo de estimación de sueldo total y se basa en los sueldos compartidos por nuestros usuarios. HomeToGo Salaries trends. 130 € Jobs Junior Produktmanager/-in: Bremen: 2. . 7 Job Title. The average Raisin salary ranges from approximately $44,400 per year (estimate) for a Customer Support Representative to $150,549 per year (estimate) for an U S Operations Manager. Salaries estimates are based on 230 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Product Manager employees in Berlin, Germany. Product Manager; Senior Product Manager; Junior Produktmanager; Product Specialist Time Sensitive Networking (m/w/d) in in Berlin: 62. 495 € Jobs Junior Produktmanager/-in: Hamburg: 3. Salaries estimates are based on 52 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Operations Manager employees in Berlin, Germany. In addition, they earn an average bonus of 6. 432 € or an equivalent hourly rate of 45 €. 000 und € 72. The average Junior Product Manager salary in New York, New York is $120,219 as of May 01, 2025, but the salary range typically falls between $108,615 and $134,308. Product Managers working in Berlin earn normally around 62. Berlin Brands Group salary trends based on salaries posted anonymously by Berlin Brands Group employees. Total compensation includes salary, bonuses and equity. 825 salaries for 214 jobs at Klarna in Berlin. de in Berlin. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $67,517 per year in Berlin. May 9, 2025 · The average product manager (technical) gross salary in Berlin, Germany is 101. Sep 4, 2024 · The average salary for a Product Manager, Software in Berlin, Berlin is €59,570 in 2025. €60K-€80K. The average salary for Junior Cloud Engineers in Berlin is 54. On the other end, a senior level product manager (8+ years of experience) earns an average salary of 106. 323 € or an equivalent hourly rate of 49 €. 614 Jobs für Project manager in Berlin. Visit PayScale to research product developer salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Grover Salaries trends. The average additional pay is €0 per year, which could include cash bonus, stock, commission, profit sharing or tips. Berlin Brands Group employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 2. Search Product manager jobs in Berlin with company ratings & salaries. For masquerading as a tier 1 company in Berlin their entry level pay sure is bad. 5952 salaries for 1834 jobs at Zalando in Berlin. 000 € pro Jahr und die meisten Product Manager Löhne liegen zwischen 41. The average total compensation is €108,292 for product managers in Germany based on 60 salary data points. The estimated salary for a Junior Project Manager is €39,000 per year in the Berlin Germany area. View Product Manager salaries across top companies broken down by base pay, stock, and bonus. 915 €. Sep 26, 2024 · The average salary for a Senior Product Manager in Berlin, Berlin is €79,118 in 2025. Click here to see the total pay, recent salaries shared and more! Senior Machine Learning Research Scientist (d/f/m) - Large-scale Machine Learning Permanent employee, Full-time · Berlin · Berlin Zalando Salaries trends. Salaries estimates are based on 1082 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Senior Product Manager employees in Berlin, Germany. The average Raisin hourly pay ranges from approximately $15 per hour (estimate) for a Kitchen Staff to $27 per hour (estimate) for an Intern. 452 per maand. 062 € 3. Junior Product Manager - Customer Payments Average salaries for Berlin Brands Group Junior Product Manager: $0. Job Title: Senior Systems Engineer Location: Cowes – on site Salary: Up to £62,000 dependent on experience Referral Scheme Bonus: £1000 Grade: GG10 Put yourself into a dynamic Senior Systems Engineering role at the forefront of real world demands in the defence industry. The average HelloFresh salary ranges from approximately $30,277 per year (estimate) for a Cashier to $471,811 per year (estimate) for a Senior Vice President Business Development. 000 EUR per year. The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is $107,620 per year in Berlin, CT. 942 € 5. 252 € 4. The average numa salary ranges from approximately $46,785 per year (estimate) for a Counselor to $289,218 per year (estimate) for a SVP Operations. 5 Nach Project manager-Jobs in Berlin mit Bewertungen und Gehältern suchen. com Oct 10, 2023 · The average salary for a Junior Product Data Manager is £39,735 per year in Berlin, Germany. 112 € 3. 500, wenn man den üblichen Karriereweg als Junior Product Manager einschlägt. think-cell employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 3. May 13, 2025 · The estimated total pay for a Product Manager is €75,500 per year in the Berlin Germany area, with an average salary of €70,000 per year. This was after around 6 hours of interviews and coding challenges (5 interviews, 1 take home test). Salaries estimates are based on 100 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Manager employees in Berlin, Germany. Search Junior designer jobs in Berlin, Germany with company ratings & salaries. Junior Product Manager (all genders) in Average salaries for Berlin Brands Group Junior Product Manager: €48,375. 3 Salaries submitted. Yepoda employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 1. View Senior Product Manager salaries across top companies broken down by base pay, stock, and bonus. The average salary for Junior Product Manager in Germany is 55. 500 EUR per year and most of the Product Manager salaries are between 45. The average additional cash compensation for a Junior Product Manager in the Berlin, Germany is €39,312, with a range from €6,624 - €72,000. 627 € The average think-cell salary ranges from approximately $73,361 per year (estimate) for a Marketer to $236,597 per year (estimate) for an Enterprise Account Executive. Aug 1, 2024 · ImmoScout24 Salaries in Berlin. 623 € 3. Junior Product Manager - Berlin Sponge Berlin, Germany 1 month ago The average salary for a Junior Product Manager is £35,442 per year in United Kingdom. Salaries are different between men and women. Salaries estimates are based on 27 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Junior Product Manager employees in Netherlands. 5929 salaries for 1831 jobs at Zalando in Berlin. Base | Additional. 1331 salaries for 543 jobs at HelloFresh in Berlin. 416 Jobs für Product manager in Berlin. (Senior) Customer Service Operations Manager – Legal & Data Protection, Fraud (m/w/d) – Customer Service View Job (Senior) Data Engineer (m/f/d) – Engineering Average salary for Product Manager / Berlin is €80,679 EUR per year. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Berlin, Germany. This figure can fluctuate based on factors such as professional experience, level of education, specific industry, and geographical location. Mar 19, 2025 · The average Project Manager salary range in Berlin, Germany is from 64. 356 salaries for 184 jobs at Grover in Berlin. The average salary for Project Managers in Germany is 64. 6 days ago · The average Senior Product Manager salary range in Berlin, Germany is from 91. 973 Euro (Frauen) im Monat. 093 €. May 7, 2025 · The estimated total pay for a Junior Product Manager is $65,471 per year, with an average salary of $61,669 per year. The average Zalando hourly pay ranges from approximately $20 per hour (estimate) for a Customer Service Agent to $61 per hour (estimate) for a Software Engineer. Feb 10, 2025 · La estimación de sueldo total para un puesto de Junior Product Manager es de 34. New Junior Product Manager jobs added daily. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. Search Junior product designer jobs in Germany with company ratings & salaries. 335 open jobs for Product manager healthcare in Germany. 000 € al año, con un sueldo medio anual de 30. Junior Product Manager (Full Time - Remote) The average salary for a Junior Project Manager is $43,000 per year in Berlin, Germany. 8 Dec 19, 2024 · Product Manager. kswzd tcgctb smpxpt whjcpevz wgzfugr iryiwl quphhb osme sgyk uxuxcz